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Digital acquisitionDigital event recording allows you to determine the present state of any relay (picked or dropped) and any change in state of any relay. Front and Back ContactsYou may monitor spare front (normally open) and spare back (normally closed) relay contacts. Where back contacts are monitored the state of the relay will be the inverse of the state of the contacts. To account for this discrepancy Mpec data loggers allow you to configure a digital input as a front or back contact; the TX-L then automatically ensures the true state of the relay (picked or dropped) is captured. State ChangesAll digital inputs are continuously monitored for any change in state, whenever a change is detected the nature of the change is captured locally (UP to DN, or DN to UP) along with a timestamp accurate to within 10 mS. Initial StatesWhen an Mpec data logger boots or restarts, it will capture the “initial state” of every digital input, this way you can see the present state of all monitored digital inputs at all times, even if no change in state has taken place on a particular channel. Initial states are clearly indicated in the historical log, and are marked “UP” or “DN”. Analogue Acquire-on-ChangeAll analogue input channels are continuously logged using a process known as “Acquire-on-change”. A sample is acquired when the measured value changes by more than a certain amount. If there is no change, there is no sample acquired. Consider the following waveform. The acquired samples are shown as dots.  The waveform first changes at a fairly leisurely pace, then there is a spike. Each time the input changes significantly, a sample is acquired. It can be seen that more data points are acquired around the spike. Acquire-on-change is an excellent match for many railway applications. Where there are long periods without much change, very little data is acquired. Where there is more detail in the waveform, more points are acquired. After the data has been acquired it is possible to go back and just “join the dots” and we have an accurate representation of the entire waveform, with the minimum amount of data logged and transmitted. Two methods of Acquire-on-Change are supported, however the most common method is “absolute” acquire on change: Absolute:In absolute mode, a fresh sample is acquired each time the raw input signal changes by a fixed constant value, for example 5 mA. E.g. If the last sample was acquired at 50 mA, the next sample will be acquired at +/- 5 mA, which is either 55 mA, or 45 mA. An absolute change of 5 mA is required to trigger the next acquisition.  The chart above shows how samples would be acquired along a straight line slope. Absolute acquisition is a good fit where the minimum and maximum range of the input signal are well known and an even level of detail is required at all ranges. Example Applications for Acquire on Change:
Triggered CaptureIn addition to Acquire-on-Change you may also capture analogue data using a method known as “Triggered Capture”. Triggered Captures are the method of choice when you want to record intermittent railway events at maximum resolution. A triggered capture will begin recording when a “start trigger event” is detected. Analogue data on the selected channel(s) will then be recorded at maximum resolution until a “stop trigger event” is detected.   A trigger event can be fired by a change in state of a digital input, or by an analogue input transitioning through a pre-determined threshold level. Sometimes analogue data of interest can lie just outside the time-window defined by the start and end trigger events. To combat this, the data loggers will include analogue data of interest either side of the start and end trigger events in the final triggered capture waveform. Where you are monitoring assets that may move in two directions, you may also assign a direction (Normal to Reverse or Reverse to Normal) to a triggered capture. In the event that the logger cannot determine direction, the direction will be labelled invalid. Terms of Reference
Example Applications:
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Digital inputsFour digital inputs are provided as standard to monitor spare contacts of signalling relays. These inputs are connected as follows:   All of the terminals marked “C” are connected together internally. This allows easy wiring to signalling relays using twisted pair cable, as specified in railway standards. Internal resistors limit the sense current to a few milliamps at 24V. The digital inputs are fully isolated to a minimum of 10M Ohm at 1,000V DC. This isolation ensures that the inputs are fully separate from earth, the logger’s internal logic and the analogue inputs. Digital inputs must never be connected into a live circuit (e.g. across a contact that is already in use by the signalling system). They must only ever be connected to spare relay contacts.
These inputs are for use with volt-free relay contacts only. Do not apply voltages to these inputs. |
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Analogue inputsAnalogue inputs are designed to accept industry standard 4-20mA sensors. Many types of external sensor are available with a 4-20mA output, including current clamps, temperature sensors, pressure sensors and voltage transducers. Each analogue card has four isolated channels, which are capable of powering 4-20mA current clamps. The terminals are:
The input impedance between S and 0 terminals is 200ohms. The maximum output power of the 24V sensor power feed is 2W, or 83mA, per analogue input.
The simplest 4-20mA sensors only have two connections and take their power entirely from the loop. Others have three or four wires. The four wire types use a separate signal and power ground to avoid interference between the power supply and measurement currents. Example wiring to the different types is shown below:  Most 4-20mA sensors specify the output at 4mA and at 20mA. The sensor output is considered linear between these two points This is the typical usable range of the sensor, however many sensors continue to drive outputs below 4mA and beyond 20mA when excited beyond their normal working range. LEM PCM20 (0 to +20 Amp Sensor) Value at 4mA = 0 A Value at 20mA = 20 A  LEM PCM30 (+/-30 Amp Sensor) Value at 4mA = -30 A Value at 20mA = 30 A  |
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Point MachineMotor CurrentLEM PCM20P/SP2 A “uni-directional” current clamp. It is designed to measure “positive current” only between 0 and 20 Amps, AC or DC, however due to the 4-20mA nature, the sensor will read as low as -5 Amps at 0mA output. The split core means it is possible to install without disturbing existing wiring.  Note that when designing and installing these sensors, “conventional current flow” must follow the arrow on the sensor enclosure. E.g. for a positive sensor output, current flow in the measured conductor flows from in the direction of the arrow. Many electrically driven switch machines can get away with using a single LEM PCM20 sensor. The designer must ensure that all motor current carrying conductors pass through the sensor in the correct direction. This arrangement depending on the machine type and number of feeds. In some scenarios there may be no spare relay contacts available to trigger a capture and maintain direction of movement information. In such scenarios you may employ two LEM PCM20P sensors, which each sensor capturing switch motor performance for a single direction of movement. LEM PCM30P/SP2 A “bi-directional” current clamp. It is designed to measure “positive and negative current” between -30 and +30 Amps, AC or DC, however due to the 4-20mA nature, the sensor will read as low as -45 Amps at 0mA output. The split core means it is possible to install without disturbing existing wiring. Note that when designing and installing these sensors, “positive conventional current flow” must follow the arrow on the sensor enclosure. E.g. for a positive sensor output, current flow in the measured conductor flows from in the direction of the arrow. When current flow in the measured conductor opposes the arrow. negative output is generated. Many electrically driven switch machines can get away with using a single LEM PCM30 sensor to both trigger and capture switch motor performance in both normal to reverse and reverse directions. The designer must ensure that all motor current carrying conductors pass through the sensor in the correct direction. This arrangement depending on the machine type and number of feeds. Valve / Relay FeedsNIC-RI-361BBSometimes, there may be no mean obtaining direction of motion of a switch machine from motor current sensors alone
In such instances it is possible to use the NIC-RI361BB sensor to provide a “fake” relay input to a data logger.  This current sensor features a volt-free-contact output that operates at 60 mA. This can be used to generate a digital trigger signal from an otherwise analogue reading. The signal could be from a relay coil, where no spare contacts are available, or from the solenoid valve feeds of hydraulic switch machine equipment. The sensor has no split core meaning, that existing wiring must be disconnected and rerouted thorough the sensor aperture. DC Track CircuitsTrack Circuit CurrentNIC-RI-361BDThe 4-20 mA range of this sensor is 0 to +600 mA. This makes it ideal for monitoring DC track circuit current in most applications. They are typically fitted at the relay end, but some times at the feed end also. The sensor has no split core meaning, that existing wiring must be disconnected and rerouted thorough the sensor aperture. Note that when designing and installing these sensors, “positive conventional current flow” must follow the arrow on the sensor enclosure. E.g. for a positive sensor output, current flow in the measured conductor flows from in the direction of the arrow. When current flow in the measured conductor opposes the arrow. negative output is generated.  |